Significance of Saliva as a Sensor Detector in Marking Oral Cancer

Abstract

One of the most deadly forms of cancer is oral cancer. Since the screening methods currently in use are poor, a consistent portion of oral health issues are diagnosed at any late stage. Because existing diagnostic processes are complex and imprecise, it would be imperative to enhance them. The possibility of diagnosis by the discovery of biomarkers from biological fluids. The salivary glands secrete protein, peptides, electrolytes, organic and inorganic salts, and gingival crevicular fluids and mucosal transudates, which contribute in a complementary manner to human whole mouth saliva. This study focuses on biosensors that work at the molecular level, such as DNA, RNA, and protein biosensors, and it discusses tactics that use diverse biosensors to target different types of biomarkers. We also looked at non-invasive electrochemical techniques, optical techniques, and nanobiosensors for analyzing the cancer biomarkers found in bodily fluids including serum and saliva. Consequently, this review clarifies the advancements made in the creation of novel biosensors for the early identification and diagnosis of oral cancer. To clearly clarify the clinical situation, an introduction to oral cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment is provided. Saliva is then offered as an alternative biofluid, along with its benefits, drawbacks, and methods of collection. It is suggested that salivary biomarkers be used as non-invasive diagnostic instruments.