Review on formulation and evaluation of poly herbal nasal spray

Abstract

Amoxicillin, a widely used broad-spectrum β-lactam antibiotic, has become a major environmental contaminant due to its extensive use and incomplete metabolism, contributing to antimicrobial resistance. Effective monitoring of amoxicillin in clinical, pharmaceutical, and environmental samples requires reliable, sensitive, and affordable analytical techniques. Although chromatographic methods such as HPLC and LC-MS provide high precision, they are often unsuitable for low-resource or field settings because of cost and equipment limitations. Paper electrophoresis, a classical yet evolving technique, has re-emerged as a sustainable, portable, and cost-effective alternative for antibiotic analysis. Its simplicity, minimal reagent consumption, and adaptability make it suitable for on-site applications. This review summarizes the development and principles of paper electrophoresis for amoxicillin determination and explores its evolution into modern portable systems. Recent advancements such as paper-based microfluidic devices (µPADs), smartphone-assisted detection, and hybrid electrophoretic-electrochemical platforms are highlighted. The review also discusses applications in pharmaceutical quality control, therapeutic drug monitoring, and environmental analysis, emphasizing its relevance to green analytical chemistry. Key challenges—including limited sensitivity, lack of standardization, and reproducibility issues—are critically examined, along with future directions integrating artificial intelligence, biosensors, and lab-on-paper systems. Overall, paper electrophoresis represents a promising, eco-friendly analytical approach for sustainable monitoring of amoxicillin and combating environmental antibiotic pollution.

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